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Please note that most of below dates are approximations only
and inclusion of major developments has been very arbitrary by the
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Prehistoric: Original Indus Valley Civilisation: meditation, asceticism.
1800 - 1500 BCE.: Invasion of Aryans in India: introduction of Vedas,
Brahma, priesthood, caste system, ritual offering.
1500 BCE onwards: development of (pre-) Hindu schools like Mimamsa, Samkhya,
Vedanta.
590-470 BCE: Mahavir - Founder of Jainism, contemporary of the Buddha.
624-560 BCE: Birth of Siddhartha Gautama
589-525 BCE: Enlightenment of the Buddha in Bodhgaya (at age 36). During the
full-moon night of July, the Buddha delivers his first discourse near
Varanasi, introducing the world to the Four Noble Truths and commencing a
45-year career of teaching the religion he called "Dhamma-vinaya".

544-480 BCE: Passing away of Gautama Buddha.
543 -479 BCE: 1st Buddhist Council in Rajaghgraha during the rains retreat
following the Buddha's Parinibbana. 500 Arahant Bhikkhus, led by Ven.
Mahakassapa, gather to recite the entire body of the Buddha's teachings. The
recitation of the Vinaya by Ven. Upali becomes accepted as the Vinaya Pitaka;
the recitation of the Dhamma by Ven. Ananda becomes established as the Sutta
Pitaka. {1,4}
443-379 BCE: 2nd Buddhist Council in Vesali, 100 years after the Buddha's
parinirvana, to discuss controversial points of Vinaya. The first schism of
the Sangha occurs, in which the Mahasanghika school parts ways with the
traditionalist Sthaviravadins. At issue is the Mahasanghika's reluctance to
accept the Suttas and the Vinaya as the final authority on the Buddha's
teachings. This schism marks the first beginnings of what would later evolve
into Mahayana Buddhism.
297 BCE: King Asoka (274-236 BCE) converted to Buddhism; Buddhism developed
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247 (308?) BCE : 3rd Buddhist Council, convened by King Asoka at Pataliputra
(Patan?) India. Disputes on points of doctrine lead to further schisms,
spawning the Sarvastivadin and Vibhajjavadin sects. The two Pitakas are
enlarged to include the Abidhamma, forming the Tripitaka (three baskets.)The
Abhidhamma Pitaka is recited at the Council. The modern Pali Tipitaka is now
essentially complete, although some scholars have suggested that at least
two parts of the extant Canon -- the Parivara in the Vinaya, and the Apadana
in the Sutta -- may date from a later period. Asoka sends missionaries to
Sri Lanka ( his son Mahindra), Kanara, Karnataka, Kashmir, Himalaya region,
Burma, Afghanistan and even Egypt, Macedonia and Cyrene.
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240 BCE Sri Lanka: Ven. Mahinda establishes the Mahavihara (Great Monastery)
of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The Vibhajjavadin community living there becomes
known as the Theravadins. Mahinda's sister, Ven. Sanghamitta, arrives in Sri
Lanka with a cutting from the original Bo tree, and establishes the
bhikkhuni-sangha (nuns) in Sri Lanka.
236 BCE India: After death of Asoka, period of persecution of Buddhism under
Pusyamitra Sunga
1st Cent BCE India: Erection of the great Stupa at Sanchi. The Ratnaguna
Samcayagatha--a summary of the Prajna Paramita is written down. This
includes the oldest literal reference to Bodhisattva, Mahasattva, and
Bodhiyana.
94 BC Shri Lanka: 4th Buddhist Council (acc. to Theravadins) at Cave Aloka
in Malaya district - see also 2nd Century India for another '4th Council'.tantric
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35 BCE Sri Lanka (or 100BCE?): King Vattagamani orders the Buddhist
teachings (Theravada canon) to be committed to writing. Division between
Mahavira and Abhayagiri vihara in Sri Lanka.